The researchers found that race didn't matter – but party affiliation did. In another study, the researchers asked 800 people to play a "trust" game, in which player 1 is given some money and told that she can give some, all, or none of it to player 2. Both Democrats and Republicans selected their in-party scholarship candidate about 80 percent of the time even when the candidate from the other party had stronger academic credentials. However, partisanship made a much bigger impact than race on how people thought about others. Whites showed a modest preference for African-American candidates, as well, though by a significantly smaller margin.
African-American participants showed a preference for the African-American candidates 73 percent to 27 percent. Those findings showed that race mattered. Some of the documents included racial cues – "president of the African American Student Association" – while others had political ones – "president of the Young Republicans." To find out whether partisan attitudes predict non-political behavior, Iyengar and Westwood examined how 1,000 people viewed the resumes of several high school seniors competing for scholarships. Evidence from online dating sites demonstrates that even though people are far from transparent about their politics, ideology is nonetheless a powerful predictor of the dating decision. Partisans are much more likely today to express reservations over the prospect of a son or daughter marrying across party lines, the study noted. Using a variety of survey indicators, Iyengar and Westwood show that negative stereotypes of the other party have intensified and that political affiliation is now a relevant cue for non-political decisions. The widening split, he said, is no longer just the Democrats vs. Why? It is largely due to a witches' brew of political candidates relying on negative campaigning and partisan news sources serving up vitriolic commentary, according to Iyengar, the Harry and Norman Chandler Professor of Communication. "We show that the level of partisan animus in the American public exceeds racial hostility." "The polarization of the American electorate has dramatically increased," said Iyengar, whose co-author was Sean Westwood, a post-doctoral researcher at Princeton University. The evidence demonstrates that hostile feelings for the opposing political party are ingrained or automatic in voters' minds, he wrote in a new research paper. Marriage across party lines is extremely rare," said Shanto Iyengar, a Stanford political scientist and director of the Political Communication Laboratory. "We were particularly surprised at the extent to which party politics has become a litmus test for interpersonal relations.
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